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Public and Environmental Health Microbiology

Chlortetracycline Enhances Tonsil Colonization and Fecal Shedding of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 without Major Alterations to the Porcine Tonsillar and Intestinal Microbiota

Devin B. Holman, Bradley L. Bearson, Heather K. Allen, Daniel C. Shippy, Crystal L. Loving, Brian J. Kerr, Shawn M. D. Bearson, Brian W. Brunelle
Donald W. Schaffner, Editor
Devin B. Holman
Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA
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  • ORCID record for Devin B. Holman
Bradley L. Bearson
Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Heather K. Allen
Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Daniel C. Shippy
Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Crystal L. Loving
Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Brian J. Kerr
Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Shawn M. D. Bearson
Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Brian W. Brunelle
Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Donald W. Schaffner
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
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DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02354-18
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ABSTRACT

Salmonella spp. are estimated to cause 1.2 million cases of human foodborne illness each year in the United States, and pigs can often be asymptomatically colonized with Salmonella spp. (>50% of farms). Recent reports state that 18.3% of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates are resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains are associated with an increased hospitalization rate and other complications. Chlortetracycline is commonly used in swine production to prevent/treat various diseases; therefore, chlortetracycline treatment of pigs unknowingly colonized with MDR Salmonella may have collateral effects on Salmonella spp. (and other gut bacteria). In this study, we determined the effect of in-feed chlortetracycline (400 g/ton) on shedding and colonization of pigs challenged with the MDR S. Typhimurium strain DT104 (n = 11/group). We also assessed the impact on the fecal microbiota over the 12-day experimental period and on the ileum, cecum, and tonsil microbiota at 7 days postinoculation (dpi). In MDR S. Typhimurium-inoculated pigs, chlortetracycline administration significantly increased fecal shedding at 2 dpi (+1.4 log10 CFU/g; P < 0.001) and enhanced tonsil colonization (+3.1 log10 CFU/g; P < 0.001). There were few major alterations detected in the gut or tonsillar microbiota of pigs treated with MDR S. Typhimurium and/or chlortetracycline. The tonsillar transcriptome was largely unaffected despite increased colonization by MDR S. Typhimurium following inoculation of the chlortetracycline-treated pigs. These results highlight the idea that chlortetracycline administration can enhance shedding and colonization of MDR S. Typhimurium in pigs, which could increase the risk of environmental dissemination of MDR Salmonella strains.

IMPORTANCE Salmonella spp. are an important cause of foodborne illness in North America, and pork products are associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks of human salmonellosis. Isolates of Salmonella may be resistant to multiple antibiotics, and infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. are more difficult to treat, leading to increased hospitalization rates. Swine operations commonly use antimicrobials, such as chlortetracycline, to prevent/treat infections, which may have collateral effects on pig microbial populations. Recently, we demonstrated that chlortetracycline induces the expression of genes associated with pathogenesis and invasion in MDR Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro. In our current study, we show increased tonsillar colonization and fecal shedding of the MDR S. Typhimurium strain DT104 from pigs administered chlortetracycline. Therefore, pigs unknowingly colonized with multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. and receiving chlortetracycline for an unrelated infection may be at a greater risk for disseminating MDR Salmonella spp. to other pigs and to humans through environmental or pork product contamination.

FOOTNOTES

    • Received 26 September 2018.
    • Accepted 28 November 2018.
    • Accepted manuscript posted online 7 December 2018.
  • Supplemental material for this article may be found at https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02354-18.

  • This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply.
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Chlortetracycline Enhances Tonsil Colonization and Fecal Shedding of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 without Major Alterations to the Porcine Tonsillar and Intestinal Microbiota
Devin B. Holman, Bradley L. Bearson, Heather K. Allen, Daniel C. Shippy, Crystal L. Loving, Brian J. Kerr, Shawn M. D. Bearson, Brian W. Brunelle
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Feb 2019, 85 (4) e02354-18; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02354-18

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Chlortetracycline Enhances Tonsil Colonization and Fecal Shedding of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 without Major Alterations to the Porcine Tonsillar and Intestinal Microbiota
Devin B. Holman, Bradley L. Bearson, Heather K. Allen, Daniel C. Shippy, Crystal L. Loving, Brian J. Kerr, Shawn M. D. Bearson, Brian W. Brunelle
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Feb 2019, 85 (4) e02354-18; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02354-18
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KEYWORDS

Salmonella
antimicrobial agents
gut microbiota
microbial ecology
swine
veterinary microbiology

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