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Applied and Environmental Microbiology
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Environmental Microbiology

Variations among Viruses in Influent Water and Effluent Water at a Wastewater Plant over One Year as Assessed by Quantitative PCR and Metagenomics

Hao Wang, Julianna Neyvaldt, Lucica Enache, Per Sikora, Ann Mattsson, Anette Johansson, Magnus Lindh, Olof Bergstedt, Helene Norder
Harold L. Drake, Editor
Hao Wang
aDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Julianna Neyvaldt
bbioMerieux Sweden AB, Askim, Sweden
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Lucica Enache
cGryaab AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Per Sikora
dDepartment of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
eClinical Genomics Gothenburg, SciLife Labs, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ann Mattsson
cGryaab AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Anette Johansson
cGryaab AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Magnus Lindh
aDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
fRegion Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Olof Bergstedt
gGöteborgs Stad Kretslopp och Vatten, City of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
hDRICKS Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Helene Norder
aDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
fRegion Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Harold L. Drake
University of Bayreuth
Roles: Editor
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DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02073-20
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ABSTRACT

Influent wastewater and effluent wastewater at the Rya treatment plant in Gothenburg, Sweden, were continuously monitored for enteric viruses by quantitative PCR (qPCR) during 1 year. Viruses in effluent wastewater were also identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in samples collected during spring, early summer, and winter. Samples of incoming wastewater were collected every second week. Seasonal variations in viral concentrations in incoming wastewater were found for noroviruses GII, sapovirus, rotavirus, parechovirus, and astrovirus. Norovirus GI and GIV and Aichi virus were present in various amounts during most weeks throughout the year, while hepatitis A virus, enterovirus, and adenovirus were identified less frequently. Fluctuations in viral concentrations in incoming wastewater were related to the number of diagnosed patients. The viruses were also detected in treated wastewater, however, with a 3- to 6-log10 reduction in concentration. Seven different hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains were identified in the effluents. Five of these strains belonged to genotype 3 and have been isolated in Sweden from swine, wild boars, and humans and in drinking water. The other two strains were divergent and had not been identified previously. They were similar to strains infecting rats and humans. Surveillance of enteric viruses in wastewater is a tool for early detection and follow-up of gastroenteritis outbreaks in society and for the identification of new viruses that can cause infection in humans.

IMPORTANCE Both influent wastewater and treated wastewater at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) contain a high variety of human viral pathogens with seasonal variability when followed for 1 year. The peak of the amount of 11 different viruses in the inlet wastewater preceded the peak of the number of diagnosed patients by 2 to 4 weeks. The treatment of wastewater reduced viral concentrations by 3 to 6 log10. Despite the treatment of wastewater, up to 5 log10 virus particles per liter were released from into the surrounding river. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains previously identified in drinking water and two new strains, similar to those infecting rats and humans, were identified in the treated wastewater released from the WWTP.

FOOTNOTES

    • Received 23 August 2020.
    • Accepted 1 October 2020.
    • Accepted manuscript posted online 9 October 2020.
  • Supplemental material is available online only.

  • Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.

All Rights Reserved.

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Variations among Viruses in Influent Water and Effluent Water at a Wastewater Plant over One Year as Assessed by Quantitative PCR and Metagenomics
Hao Wang, Julianna Neyvaldt, Lucica Enache, Per Sikora, Ann Mattsson, Anette Johansson, Magnus Lindh, Olof Bergstedt, Helene Norder
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov 2020, 86 (24) e02073-20; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02073-20

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Variations among Viruses in Influent Water and Effluent Water at a Wastewater Plant over One Year as Assessed by Quantitative PCR and Metagenomics
Hao Wang, Julianna Neyvaldt, Lucica Enache, Per Sikora, Ann Mattsson, Anette Johansson, Magnus Lindh, Olof Bergstedt, Helene Norder
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov 2020, 86 (24) e02073-20; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02073-20
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KEYWORDS

qPCR
NGS
HEV
Norovirus
Aichi virus
human parechovirus

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